Written Case Study: Anaphylaxis, Pharmacology

You are a Registered Nurse working in a rural hospital when a young farmer Mr
James Sonnet arrives. He has driven himself to the hospital after being stung by a
bee in a nearby paddock. He complains of difficulty breathing and a tingling feeling
on his face . You immediately notice that there is swelling in his lips and tongue, and
that he is breathing with difficulty- he has a wheeze, and he is only able to say one
word at a time. The resident doctor arrives and orders 0.5mg of Adrenaline IM. 
Mr James Sonnet will be discharged with an EpiPen (Adrenaline 300mcg/ 0.3mls).
This assessment item required you to discuss the medication from the case study
above in relation to the below: 

1. Describe the pharmacodynamics of this medicine including the desired action and
   undesired actions. You need to discuss the molecular, biochemical, and
   physiological effects of drugs in relation to this patient.
2. Describe the pharmacokinetics of this medicine. You need to include the time
   course of its absorption, bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. This
   needs to be related to this case study. 
3. Discuss nursing considerations in regard to this medicine related to this case
   study. For example:
   Most appropriate route with rationale
   Which Adrenaline (1:1000, or 1:10000) would be most appropriate with rationale
   Overdose signs and symptoms and treatment, Monitoring required, Nurse initiated
   situations 
4. Discuss relevant patient education that you would give this patient in regards to
   his discharge medicine and the presenting condition. For example: 
   How/ when to take the medication, Side effects he may feel when taking the medicine
   What happens if he takes the medicine without needing it, Suggestions on how to
   avoid/ manage another anaphylactic reaction, How to store the medicine, Any legal
   and ethical aspects
   

Written Case Study: Anaphylaxis, Pharmacology
Pathophysiology of Anaphylaxis

Mr. James Sonnet suffers a bee sting that causes anaphylaxis. The body responds to the bee sting by producing histamine that is then responsible for the blood vessels to expand (Dewachter and Savic 2019,). The expansion of the blood vessel causes an increase in blood pressure and causes fluids to leak into lung, which causes swelling throughout the body (Dewachter and Savic,). The body responds by producing antibodies, in the form of Immunoglobin E, which are then transmitted to cells that create chemicals, which can cause an allergic reaction that causes symptoms of the body. The reactions can affect the sinuses, the lung and nasal passages, which cause the throat, which results in a difficulty speaking, and also the skin, along with the stomach’s lining (Dewachter and Savic, 2019). In general, anaphylaxis is caused by the massive release of biological mediators produced by basophils and mast cells that cause airways to narrow and breathing issues, and allergic reactions in the body.

Pharmacodynamics of Medicine

Adrenaline IM is the principal medicine prescribed by the doctor for James. The medication increases lung capacity and inspiration that the infection impacts by causing relaxing of smooth muscle in the lung (Moss and co. 2021). In addition, it causes stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors within the myocardium that trigger the rhythmic contraction of the heart and cardiac rate that are visiblely affected (Moss and al. 2021).